LANGUAGE FOCUS

----Language Focus----

ADJECTIVE In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun -- for example, "He's a silly young fool," or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to type. This page will explain the different types of adjectives and the correct order for them.

The basic types of adjectives:

• Opinion: An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (e.g. silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult).
• Size: A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is (e.g. large, tiny, little).
• Age: An age tells you how young or old or someone is (e.g. new, old, young)
• Shape: A shape adjective describes the shape of something (e.g. square, round, flat, rectangular).
• Color: A color adjective, of course, describes the color of something( e.g. blue, pink, red).
• Origin: An origin adjective describes where something comes from (e.g. French, American, Greek)
• Material:A material adjective describes something is made from (e.g. wooden, metal, cotton)
• Purpose: A purpose adjective describes what something is used for (e.g. sleeping in sleeping bag)
  

EXERCISE:

1. round/small/lamp/reading
2. german/old/car/yellow
3. wooden/ship/sailing/huge
4. physics/old/boring/teacher
5. sugar/blue/round/bow

Ya Rabb...
Apakah sujud-sujud ini hambar?
Sehingga doa-doa ini menggantung di awan..

Ya Rabb...
Apakah hati dan lisan-lisan ini palsu?
Sehingga teguran ini Kau alamatkan pada kami...

Ya Rabb...
Apakah kami telah melalaikan amanah Mu?
Sehingga perlu Kau tunjukkan murkamu...

Ya Rabb...
Apakah kami tidak mengikuti sunah Rasul Mu?
Sehingga perlu kau tutup indah pelangi dengan abu Merapi...

Ya Rabb...
Apakah....?
Sehingga...

Ya Rabb...
Hamba takut pada Mu...

Narrative

Narrative text

I. Social Function
The purpose of a narrative is to entertain or to amuse the readers or the listeners.

II. Generic Structure

• Orientation (a setting of characters & a plot): An orientation contains who or what is in the story, when the story is taking place, and where the action is happening
• Complication (problems are arising): A complication contains a chain of problems or conflicts that influences what will happen in the story
• Resolution (solution of problems): A resolution contains how the characters solve the problem arisen in the complication. It can be ended by happy or sad ending.
• Coda (optional, moral values taken from the story): A coda provides a comment or moral values based on what has been learned from the story

III. Lexicogrammatical Features

• focus on specific participants
• use material processes, behavioral processes, and verbal processes
• Use temporal conjunctions, and temporal circumstances
• use past tense

Example:

Snow White

orientation
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named snow white. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead.

Complication
One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving snow white in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn't have enough money to take snow white.

Resolution
Snow white did not want her uncle and aunt to do this so she decided it would be better if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.

Complication
She was very tired and hungry.

Resolution
Then she saw the little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fall asleep.

Complication
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found snow white sleeping. Then snow white woke up. She saw the dwarfs said: "What is your name?" Snow White said, "My name is Snow White."

Resolution
Dwarf said, "If you wish, you may live here with us." Snow white said, "Oh, thank you." Then, snow white and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.

Text Analysis

I. Register Analysis
Dear Friends,
We are going to spend our holiday to Daik. The trip will take about two days. We will set up the tents and go to waterfall. The trip will cost about fifty thousand rupiah. You will be sorry to miss this wonderful trip.
Analyze the above text based on:
a) Its mode (whether its spoken or written language)
b) Its spatial/interpersonal distance
c) Its power
d) Its contact
e) Its Affective involvement

II. Speech Function Analysis
Analyze the following simple dialogue based on its speech function
A : Have you ever visited Bali?
B : Hmm….
A : Have you?
B : Yea.. Once.
A : How did you go there?
B : By bus. Could you give me Mr. Yani’s phone number?
A : Here, it is.
B : Thank you. By the way you’ll enjoy your trip to Bali.
A : Oh, No. I have no plan to visit there.
B : Why do you ask?
A :Just…curious.

III. Mood Analysis
a) I was driving along the coast road.
b) Simon learnt the English language from Henry James
c) Unfortunately, I’ve never read the Bostonians

IV. Transitivity Analysis
a) Hepatitis B is a disease which affects the liver
b) She said I don’t like hot potatoes
c) I heard the story that you won a fantastic prize
d) Jack fell down and broke his crown
e) I think that you will accept this prestigious position

Statistics

1. Stepping from the hypothesis “Total Physical Response is effective for teaching speaking”, carry out statistical calculation for the following data:
Pre-test : 55, 65, 85, 60, 65, 60, 50, 70, 80, 70
Post-test : 65, 70, 90, 65, 75, 75, 50, 80, 85, 70

2. Test results from experimental group and control group are as:
Experimental : 70, 80, 70, 65, 60
Control : 60, 70, 65, 60, 45
On the basis of these data, investigate whether you can reject null hypothesis that task based teaching is not effective for teaching reading.

3. Suppose that we want to discover the relationship between students’ writing ability and students’ reading score. Here are the scores:
Writing : 65, 70, 80, 65, 75, 65, 50, 75, 80, 75
Reading : 55, 65, 85, 60, 65, 60, 50, 70, 80, 70
Based on your calculation, then, check whether null hypothesis of “no relationship between writing ability and reading” can be rejected.

4. The implementation of method A, B, C, and D are as follows:
Method A : 60, 65, 75, 80, 85, 80, 75, 65, 70, 90
Method B : 50, 65, 70, 60, 90, 80, 60, 65, 80, 85
Method C : 70, 65, 60, 75, 80, 70, 50, 60, 70, 90
Method D : 70, 70, 80, 80, 80, 80, 70, 70, 85, 90
Compute the F ratio between and within group, then, interpret the result whether you can reject null hypothesis of “no significance difference among method A, B, C, and D”.

academic writing

ACADEMIC WRITING

I. Approach to Academic Writing
Academic writing is a product of many considerations: audience, purpose, organization, style, flow, and presentation. Academic writing employs a variety of organizational patterns, one of them, problem solution (Hoey, 1983). These pattern usually has four parts, namely:
a. Description of situation
b. Identification of the problem
c. Description of solution
d. Evaluation of the solution

Task one
Labeled the four parts of this problem solution text. The first part has been done for you.
(1)For over20 years now biologists have been alarmed that certain population of amphibians has been declining. (2) These declines have occurred both in areas populated by humans as well as areas seemingly undisturbed people. (3) However, offering clear proof of the declining numbers of amphibians has been difficult because in most cases there is no reliable data on past population sizes with which to compare recent numbers. (4) Moreover, it is not entirely clear whether the declines are actually part of natural fluctuation in population arising from drought or a scarcity of food. (5) To address this problem biologists are changing the way that they observe amphibian’s populations. (6) One good documentation method involves counting species over the course of several years and under a variety of climatic conditions. (7) This method should yield reliable data that will help researchers understand the extent to which amphibian population s are in danger and begin to determine what can be done to stem the decline in populations.
(Note: the underlined sentences can be categorized as description of situation)

II. Language Focus: Formal Grammar style


The following are some non vocabulary-related recommendations for maintaining a formal academic writing style:


1.Generally avoid contractions
incorrect
Export figures won’t improve until the economy is stronger
correct
Export figures will not improve until the economy is stronger


2.Use the more appropriate formal negative forms
incorrect
- The analysis didn’t yield any new results

- This problem doesn’t have many viable solutions

correct
- The analysis yielded no new results

- This problem has few viable solutions

3. Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth, and etc
incorrect
These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc
correct
These semi conductors can be used in robots, CD players, and other electronic devices.

4. Avoid addressing the reader
incorrect
You can see the results in table 1

Correct

The results can be seen in table 1

5. Be careful about using direct questions
incorrect
What can be done to lower costs?

Correct

It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered

6. Place adverbs within the verb
incorrect
- Actually, very little is known about the general nature and prevalence of scientific dishonesty
- This model was developed by krugman (1979) originally
correct
- Very little is actually known about the general nature and prevalence of scientific dishonesty
- This model was originally developed by krugman (1979).

7. Use efficient words.
incorrect
- It may be difficult to make a decision about the method that we’ve to use.
- There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been show to be very promising.
correct
- Choosing proper method may be difficult
- Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.

Task two
Reduce the informality of each sentence

1. You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameters changes.


2. OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities


3. You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.


4. Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.


5. So far there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.


6. There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.


7. These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, etc.


8. There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production concrete.

Task three
Working with a partner, find an article that you think is well written. Analyze this article following some of the aforementioned suggestions.

Grammar corner (XI AP)

I. Change these following sentences into indirect sentences

1. My teacher told me, "Bring me newspaper"
2. The taxi driver said, "I have waited for you for an hour"
3. Rosalinda said to her friend, "You can join me"
4. Atiem asked me, "Where did you go last night"
5. Rini said, "Some people are gathering in the field"
6. Monika sked her husband, "Do you like this shirt?"
7. The director asked the secretary, "Will you type this letter for me?"
8. Agus told his wive, "I will go to the office by bus."
9. I wanted to know, "Is Deta at home know?"
10. The old man said, "Please give me little money."

II. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate question tags.

1. I am a customer,...?
2. You have never been to Bandung, ...?
3. Peter will meet us there, ...?
4. Don't make any more mistake, ...?
5. Let's go home, ...?
6. Nobody has told you the secret, ...?
7. She understood the questions, ...?
8. We have to sign this form, ...?
9. Everyone can learn how to swim, ...?
10. He played baseball very well, ...?